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The White House, official residence of the president of the United States, in May 2006

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[4] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[5]

Presidents

edit
List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[a] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
Term[6] Party[b][7] Election Vice President[8]
1   George Washington
(1732–1799)
[9]
April 30, 1789

March 4, 1797
Unaffiliated 1788–1789

1792

Benjamin Franklin

Vacant after
April 21, 1789


Aaron Burr


2   Alexander Hamilton
(1755–1834)
[10]
March 4, 1797

March 4, 1805
Federalist 1796

1800

Patrick Henry

Vacant after
June 6, 1799


Thomas Jefferson

3   John Jay
(1745–1829)
[10]
March 4, 1805

March 4, 1809
Federalist 1804 John Adams
4   Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[11]
March 4, 1809

March 4, 1817
Democratic-
Republican
1808

1812

George Clinton

Vacant after
April 20, 1812


Henry Dearborn

5   James Madison
(1751–1836)
[12]
March 4, 1817

March 4, 1825
Democratic-
Republican
1816

1820

Henry Dearborn

DeWitt Clinton

6   John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[13]
March 4, 1825

March 4, 1833
Democratic-
Republican
[c]

National Republican

1824

1828

Smith Thompson

Henry Clay

7   Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[15]
March 4, 1833

March 4, 1837
Democratic 1832 Richard Rush
8   Henry Clay
(1777–1852)
[16]
March 4, 1837

March 4, 1841
Whig 1836 Daniel Webster
9   Daniel Webster
(1782–1852)
[16]
March 4, 1841

March 4, 1845
Whig 1840 John Bell
10   Winfield Scott
(1786–1866)
[17]
March 4, 1845

March 4, 1849
Whig 1844 Willie P. Mangum
11   James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[18]
March 4, 1849

June 15, 1849[d]
Democratic 1848 Lewis Cass
12   Lewis Cass
(1782–1866)
[17]
June 15, 1849[e]

March 4, 1853
Democratic Vacant throughout
presidency
13   John Bell
(1796–1869)
[20]
March 4, 1853

March 4, 1857
Whig

American

1852 Millard Fillmore
14   Charles Sumner
(1811–1874)
[21]
March 4, 1857

March 4, 1861
Republican 1856 Abraham Lincoln
15   Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[22]
March 4, 1861

April 15, 1865[d]
Republican

National Union[f]

1860

1864

Cassius Marcellus Clay
16   Cassius Marcellus Clay
(1810–1903)
[22]
April 15, 1865

March 4, 1869
National Union Vacant throughout
presidency
17   Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[24]
March 4, 1869

March 4, 1877
Republican 1868

1872

Hannibal Hamlin
18   Hannibal Hamlin
(1809–1891)
[25]
March 4, 1877

March 4, 1881
Republican 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes
19   Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[24]
March 4, 1881

March 4, 1885
Republican 1880 Rutherford B. Hayes
20   Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[25]
March 4, 1885

March 4, 1889
Republican 1884 Robert Todd Lincoln
21   William Tecumseh Sherman
(1820–1891)
[26]
March 4, 1889

February 14, 1891[d]
Republican 1888 Robert Todd Lincoln
22   Robert Todd Lincoln
(1843–1926)
[27]
February 14, 1891

March 4, 1893
Republican Vacant throughout
presidency
23   Adlai Stevenson I
(1835–1914)
[28]
March 4, 1893

March 4, 1897
Democratic 1892 John Sherman
24   Robert Todd Lincoln
(1843–1926)
[27]
March 4, 1897

March 4, 1901
Republican 1896 William McKinley
25   Henry Cabot Lodge
(1850–1924)
[29]
March 4, 1901

March 4, 1909
Republican 1900

1904

Theodore Roosevelt
26   Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[30]
March 4, 1909

January 6, 1919[d]
Republican 1908

1912


1916

William Howard Taft

Robert M. La Follette

27   Robert M. La Follette
(1855–1925)
[31]
January 6, 1919

June 18, 1925[d]
Republican

1920


1924

Vacant through

March 4, 1921


Calvin Coolidge

28   Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[32]
June 18, 1925[g]

March 4, 1929
Republican Vacant throughout
presidency
29   Al Smith
(1873–1944)
[34]
March 4, 1929

January 20, 1937
Democratic 1928

1932

Cordell Hull

Huey Long


Vacant after
September 10, 1935

30   Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[35]
January 20, 1937

April 12, 1945[d]
Democratic 1936

1940


1944

Upton Sinclair
31   Upton Sinclair
(1878–1968)
[36]
April 12, 1945[h]

January 20, 1949
Democratic Vacant throughout
presidency
32   Henry A. Wallace
(1888–1965)
[38]
January 20, 1949

January 20, 1957
Democratic 1948

1952

Claude Pepper

Ronald Reagan

33   Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[39]
January 20, 1957

January 20, 1965
Republican 1956

1960

Richard Nixon
34 Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[40]
January 20, 1965

January 20, 1973
Democratic 1964

1968

Robert F. Kennedy

Vacant:
June 6 – July 31, 1968


Hubert Humphrey

35 Hubert Humphrey
(1911–1978)
[41]
January 20, 1973

January 20, 1977
Democratic 1972 Nelson Rockefeller
36   Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924)
[42]
January 20, 1977

January 20, 1985
Democratic 1976

1980

Birch Bayh
37   Harold Stassen
(1907–2001)
[43]
January 20, 1985

January 20, 1989
Republican 1984 George H. W. Bush
38   Donald Trump
(b. 1946)
[43]
January 20, 1989

January 20, 1993
Republican 1988 Arlen Specter
39   Mario Cuomo
(1932–2015)
[42]
January 20, 1993

January 20, 1997
Democratic 1992 Ann Richards
40   Donald Trump
(b. 1946)
[43]
January 20, 1997

January 20, 2001
Republican 1996 Bob Dole
41   Ann Richards
(1933–2006)
[38]
January 20, 2001

March 10, 2006[i]
Democratic 2000

2004

Joe Biden
42   Joe Biden
(b. 1946)
[44]
March 10, 2006[j]

January 20, 2013
Democratic

2008

Vacant through
May 25, 2006

Sam Nunn


Barack Obama

43   Barack Obama
(b. 1961)
[45]
January 20, 2013

January 20, 2021
Democratic 2012

2016

Bernie Sanders
44   Bernie Sanders
(b. 1941)
[46]
January 20, 2021

Incumbent
Democratic 2020 Tulsi Gabbard
  1. ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
  2. ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
  3. ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
  4. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  5. ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
  6. ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
  7. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
  8. ^ LOC.
  9. ^ McDonald (2000).
  10. ^ a b Pencak (2000).
  11. ^ Peterson (2000).
  12. ^ Banning (2000).
  13. ^ Hargreaves (2000).
  14. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
  15. ^ Cole (2000).
  16. ^ a b Gutzman (2000).
  17. ^ a b Shade (2000).
  18. ^ Rawley (2000).
  19. ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
  20. ^ Anbinder (2000).
  21. ^ Gara (2000).
  22. ^ a b McPherson (b) (2000).
  23. ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
  24. ^ a b McPherson (a) (2000).
  25. ^ a b Hoogenboom (2000).
  26. ^ Spetter (2000).
  27. ^ a b Reeves (2000).
  28. ^ Campbell (2000).
  29. ^ Gould (a) (2000).
  30. ^ Harbaugh (2000).
  31. ^ Gould (b) (2000).
  32. ^ McCoy (2000).
  33. ^ Senate.
  34. ^ Ambrosius (2000).
  35. ^ Brinkley (2000).
  36. ^ Hamby (2000).
  37. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
  38. ^ a b whitehouse.gov (c).
  39. ^ Ambrose (2000).
  40. ^ Schaller (2004).
  41. ^ Parmet (2000).
  42. ^ a b whitehouse.gov (a).
  43. ^ a b c whitehouse.gov (b).
  44. ^ a b Greene (2013).
  45. ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
  46. ^ whitehouse.gov (g).


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