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November 1946

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November 20, 1946: UMW President Lewis orders nationwide walkout of coal miners
November 23, 1946: French Navy battlecruiser Suffren fires artillery shells into Haiphong, kills thousands of Vietnamese civilians
November 9, 1946: The 92-ton airplane Constitution makes its first flight

The following events occurred in November 1946:

November 1, 1946 (Friday)

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November 2, 1946 (Saturday)

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November 3, 1946 (Sunday)

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  • The new Constitution of Japan, which included that nation's renunciation of war, was promulgated by proclamation of the Emperor Hirohito, who had been allowed to keep the Chrysanthemum Throne in return for dropping all claims of divinity. The instrument took effect, by its terms, on May 3, 1947.[6]
  • Born: Walter Gyger, Swiss diplomat; in Rehetobel.

November 4, 1946 (Monday)

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November 5, 1946 (Tuesday)

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  • In the 1946 U.S. midterm Congressional elections, the Republican Party captured control of both houses from the Democrats.[9] In the Senate, a 56-39 advantage for the Democrats gave way to a 51-45 Republican majority, while in the House of Representatives, the Democrats' 242-191 lead was reversed, with the Republicans up 246 to 188. Freshmen Congressmen included Republican Richard M. Nixon of California's 12th district, and Democrat John F. Kennedy of the Massachusetts 11th.
  • The Boston Celtics very first home game was preceded by the first smashing of a glass backboard. Boston's Chuck Connors, who would also play major league baseball and become a TV star in The Rifleman, accidentally tore down a poorly fitted rim.[10]
  • Born:

November 6, 1946 (Wednesday)

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picture1
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U.S. President Truman and Secretary of State Vandenberg
  • The day after the Republican takeover of both houses of Congress, U.S. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas proposed that his fellow Democrat, President Harry S. Truman, should resign to make way for a Republican. Fulbright's proposal, endorsed by the Atlanta Constitution and the Chicago Sun, was that Arthur H. Vandenberg, U.S. Senator from Michigan, be made U.S. Secretary of State (at the time, the Vice-President's office was vacant and the Secretary was next in line for the presidency), after which Truman would step down in favor of President Vandenberg.[11] Truman did not dignify Fulbright's suggestion with a response, but the White House let it be known that the idea would be ignored.[12]
  • Born: Sally Field, American TV and film actress; in Pasadena, California

November 7, 1946 (Thursday)

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  • A major reform of the Japanese writing system was ordered by that nation's Ministry of Education, which eliminated 70% of the kanji symbols that could be used in legal documents, newspapers and magazines. Effective November 16, a list of 1,850 kanji was made from 6,000 traditional ones, with plans to reduce the number further to 881. Words formerly rendered in kanji were replaced with the hiragana syllabic system.[13]
  • Birzhan and Sara, composed by Mukan Tulebaev with a libretto by Khazhim Djumaliev, the first Kazakh language opera, was performed for the first time, making its debut on October Revolution Day at the opera house of Alma-Ata in the Soviet Union's Kazakh SSR (now Almaty in Kazkhstan). [14]
  • Born: Milton Lee Olive, African-American Medal of Honor recipient; in Chicago (killed in Vietnam, 1965)

November 8, 1946 (Friday)

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Viola Desmond
  • Viola Desmond, a Black Canadian businesswoman and operator of a beauty college, challenged racial segregation in the town of New Glasgow, Nova Scotia and began the racial civil rights movement in Canada.[15] Rather than sitting in the balcony section set aside for minorities, Mrs. Desmond sat in the whites-only section of the Roseland Theatre and then refused to leave. She was arrested, spent the night in jail and was charged with tax evasion for paying a two-cent sales tax on a 20 cent ticket rather than the three-cent tax on a 40 cent ticket. Starting on November 19, 2018, Mrs. Desmond's image replaced that of Sir John A. Macdonald on the Canadian ten-dollar note.[16]
  • The government of Japan expelled from office 162,915 persons who had held posts during World War II, ranging from village employees to prefecture chiefs. The names were supplied by Brigadier General Courtney Whitney of the American occupational government.[17]

November 9, 1946 (Saturday)

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  • Dubbed the "Game of the Century", the first ever between college football's two highest ranked teams, took place before a crowd of 74,000 at New York's Yankee Stadium, with #1 Army facing #2 Notre Dame. The game ended in a 0-0 tie, but brought Army's 25 game winning streak to a halt.[18]
  • The Lockheed R6V Constitution, at 92 tons the largest airplane up to that time, made its first flight.[19]

November 10, 1946 (Sunday)

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November 11, 1946 (Monday)

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November 12, 1946 (Tuesday)

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November 13, 1946 (Wednesday)

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November 14, 1946 (Thursday)

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November 15, 1946 (Friday)

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November 16, 1946 (Saturday)

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November 17, 1946 (Sunday)

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November 18, 1946 (Monday)

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  • Following his participation at a criminal trial of two white men in Columbia, Tennessee, African-American lawyer Thurgood Marshall was arrested by city police and narrowly avoided a lynch mob. With the aid of friends, the future U.S. Supreme Court justice managed to get out of town and back to Nashville.[34]
  • Born: Joe Dante, American film director known for Gremlins; in Morristown, New Jersey
  • Died:
    • Jimmy Walker, 65, Mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932
    • Donald Meek, 68, Scottish-born character actor who often portrayed meek persons

November 19, 1946 (Tuesday)

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November 20, 1946 (Wednesday)

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  • Strike wave of 1945–1946: Coal miners across the United States walked out on strike after United Mine Workers President John L. Lewis defied a court injunction and ordered members to cease work. In all, 400,000 miners stopped coal production a month before winter was to begin.[37] As the strike wore on, American workers in related industries were laid off,[38] nations dependent on American coal faced their own economic crises,[39] and a worldwide crisis was envisioned.[40] Then, on December 7, Lewis abruptly ordered the miners back to work, at least until the end of March.[41]
  • A minor incident in French Indochina set in motion a chain of events that would lead to nearly 30 years of war in Vietnam, first with France and then with the United States. A French patrol boat seized a Chinese junk as it sailed into the harbor of Haiphong, smuggling a cargo of gasoline. The Viet Minh guerrilla army captured the French boat and its crew, and the French Army responded with an ultimatum that expired two days later with deadly consequences.[42]
  • Students at Arizona State University (at that time "Arizona State College at Tempe" or Tempe State) voted 819-196 to change the name of their sports teams from the "Bulldogs" to the "Sun Devils".[43]
  • Born:
  • Died: Timothy Pflueger, 54, American architect

November 21, 1946 (Thursday)

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November 22, 1946 (Friday)

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November 23, 1946 (Saturday)

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  • As the French battlecruiser Suffren sat in Haiphong harbor, Colonel Pierre-Louis Debès delivered an ultimatum at 7:00 a.m., telling the Viet Minh that it had two hours to withdraw its armies from the port and from the French and Chinese sections of the city, or face bombardment. At 9:45, Debès, who had been directed by General Jean Etienne Valluy to give the enemy "une dure leçon" ("a hard lesson") for the events earlier in the week, ordered an attack.[48] The Suffren fired its 8-inch shells into the Vietnamese city, killing soldiers and civilians. The Viet Minh claimed that 20,000 people died, and French Admiral Robert Battet [fr] later gave the number of deaths as "no more than 6,000".[49]

November 24, 1946 (Sunday)

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November 25, 1946 (Monday)

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  • In response to Republican Party pressure to purge the United States government of suspected Communists, President Truman issued Executive Order #9806, creating the six member "Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty".[51] On March 21, 1947, Truman would create a more permanent program by Executive Order 9835.[52]
  • Missing since 1823, the remains of Mexican conquistador Hernán Cortés were discovered behind a wall in chapel of the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno in Mexico City. Cortés (1485-1547) had conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521 before returning to his native Spain. His body was returned to Mexico in 1562, hidden after that nation declared independence from Spain, and then forgotten for 123 years. The four foot long crystal and gold casket was found two weeks after Spanish antiquarian Fernando Baez found church records that showed its location in the unused room.[53]
  • Born:
  • Died:

November 26, 1946 (Tuesday)

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  • In the Soviet Union, Central Committee investigator Mikhail Suslov began what has been described as "a new page in the history of repression" [54] by recommending the purge of members of the USSR's Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (EAK). Over the next six years, members of the group were arrested and tortured. On August 12, 1952, thirteen of the most prominent EAK members were executed after being convicted of treason.
  • Born: Art Shell, first African-American NFL head coach in the modern era; in Charleston, South Carolina

November 27, 1946 (Wednesday)

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November 28, 1946 (Thursday)

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  • The 23rd Indian Division, which sustained 407 dead, 808 wounded and 162 missing in what author Martin Gilbert described as "the last Allied casualties" of World War II,[56] completed a mission that had begun two weeks before V-J day. At the end of the Burma Campaign, the British Empire had ordered 92,000 troops to the Indonesian island of Java, with a deadly assault on September 15, 1945. Allied casualties continued to be sustained as the Indian and British forces set about to disarm 270,000 Japanese troops and evacuate 110,000 Allied prisoners, even as Indonesian and Dutch forces fought each other.[57]

November 29, 1946 (Friday)

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November 30, 1946 (Saturday)

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  • In the annual Army-Navy Game at Philadelphia, a 1-7-0 U.S. Naval Academy nearly upset the 8-0-1 and #1 ranked Army Cadets. Navy was within 3 yards of the goal with 10 seconds left, but game officials failed to stop the clock before another play could be run.[61] When the final Associated Press poll was taken on December 3, Notre Dame took the #1 spot and the unofficial college football championship.[62]
  • Born:
  • Died: Gustav Noske, 78, former German Defense Minister and Social Democratic Party official

References

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  1. ^ "Do you know who scored THE FIRST BASKET in the NBA?" Archived 2003-06-25 at the Wayback Machine, TheFirstBasket.com; Charles Rosen, The First Tip-off: The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008) p1; "Knickerbockers Squeeze to 68-66 Win in Opener", Milwaukee Journal, November 2, 1946, pB-2
  2. ^ "Mikan Scores 19 Points, But Gears Bow to Royals Before Crowd of 3,500", Schenectady (NY) Gazette, November 1, 1946, p22
  3. ^ Edward Renehan, Pope John Paul II (Infobase Publishing, 2006) p32
  4. ^ Hans Günter Dosch Beyond the Nanoworld: Quarks, Leptons, and Gauge Bosons (A K Peters, Ltd., 2008) p61
  5. ^ "28 Die in Rail Wreck", Pittsburgh Press, November 2, 1946, p1
  6. ^ "Hirohito Hails New Constitution", Pittsburgh Press, November 3, 1946, p1 Grant Kohn Goodman and Barry D. Steben, America's Japan: The First Year, 1945-1946 (Fordham University Press, 2005) p75
  7. ^ J. C. Aggarwal and S. P. Agrawal, Documentation Encyclopaedia of UNESCO and Education (Concept Publishing Company, 1991) p5
  8. ^ Salvatore Bizzarro, Historical Dictionary of Chile (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p324
  9. ^ "LANDSLIDE GIVES GOP CONGRESS AND STATE", Pittsburgh Press, November 6, 1946, p1
  10. ^ John J. Fontanella, The Physics of Basketball (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) p129
  11. ^ "Sen. Fulbright Says Truman Should Resign", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 7, 1946, p1
  12. ^ "Truman Won't Resign, Will Ignore Suggestion-- White House Believes Proposal Unworthy Of Presidential Denial", Miami Daily News, November 7, 1946, p1
  13. ^ "Jap Language Cut To 1,800 Characters", Miami Daily News, November 7, 1946, p1; J. Marshall Unger, Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines (Oxford University Press US, 1996) p58
  14. ^ "Tulebaev's opera 'Birzhan and Sara'", Belcanto.ru
  15. ^ "Viola Desmond", by Russell Bingham, in The Canadian Encyclopedia
  16. ^ "New vertical $10 bank note featuring iconic Canadian Viola Desmond now in circulation", Bank of Canada press release, November 19, 2018
  17. ^ "160,000 JAP LEADERS OUSTED", Miami Daily News, November 8, 1946, p1
  18. ^ Stuart Miller, The 100 Greatest Days in New York Sports (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006) pp97-100 "Army, Irish Slug To 0-0 Tie In Thriller Before 74,000", Miami Daily News, November 10, 1946, p1
  19. ^ "92-Ton Constitution Makes Maiden Flight", Miami Daily News, November 10, 1946, p1
  20. ^ "French Vote Communists Into Power", Daytona Beach Morning Journal, November 11, 1946, p1
  21. ^ "Earthquakes of Peru", USGS.gov
  22. ^ Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (Simon and Schuster, 1996)p272
  23. ^ David Evans, A History of Nature Conservation in Britain (Psychology Press, 1997) p88
  24. ^ Oscar Chapuis, The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p145
  25. ^ "Margaret Truman Helps Opera To Colorful Start", Miami Daily News, November 11, 1946, p1
  26. ^ Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons (New American Library, 1987) p369
  27. ^ Homer Williams, Building Type Basics for Banks and Financial Institutions (John Wiley and Sons, 2010) p33; "First Complete Autobank Opens on La Salle St.", Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1946, p2
  28. ^ Kristine Harper, Weather and Climate: Decade by Decade (Infobase Publishing, 2007) pp93-94; "Snow From a Cloud Produced by Science", Milwaukee Journal, November 14, 1946, p1
  29. ^ Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Germany-Iran (G.P.O. 1954) pp1236-1244; "India Pact Clears Way For U.S. World Air Routes", Miami Daily News, November 14, 1946, p6-A
  30. ^ Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia (Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1996) p96
  31. ^ William L. Tung, The Political Institutions of Modern China (Martinus Nijhoff, 1968) p200
  32. ^ Charles Yrigoyen, Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, Historical Dictionary of Methodism (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p119-120
  33. ^ Arthur J. Dommen, The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Indiana University Press, 2001) p162
  34. ^ Ruth T. Feldman, Thurgood Marshall (Lerner Publications, 2001), pp7-11
  35. ^ Federal Research Division, Romania: A Country Study (Kessinger Publishing, 2004) p86
  36. ^ Bevin Alexander, The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992) p63
  37. ^ "THE BIG COAL STRIKE IS ON! U. S. TO ACT AGAINST LEWIS", Chicago Tribune, November 21, 1946, p1; "COAL STRIKE GRIPS NATION; U.S. MOVES AGAINST LEWIS", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, - November 21, 1946, p1
  38. ^ "Coal Strike Furloughs 175,000 More Workers", Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1946, p2
  39. ^ "Europe Hit by U.S. Coal Strike; Industry in Peril", Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1946, p1
  40. ^ "25,000,000 May be Idle If Coal Strike Is Prolonged; Fairly Ample Stock Piles Here", New York Times, November 22, 1946; "Economic Collapse In 90 Days Seen If Strike Continues" Baltimore Sun, December 3, 1946, p1
  41. ^ "COAL STRIKE OFF!", Pittsburgh Press - December 7, 1946, p1
  42. ^ Oscar Chapuis, The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p150
  43. ^ Michael Leo Donovan, Yankees to Fighting Irish: What's Behind Your Favorite Team's Name (Taylor Trade Publications, 2004) p82; "Tempe Teams Change Name To Sun Devils", Prescott (AZ) Evening Courier, November 21, 1946, p2-1
  44. ^ Robert P. Watson, et al., The National Security Legacy of Harry S. Truman (Truman State University Press, 2005) p27; "Truman Dives 440 Feet In German Sub", Pittsburgh Press, November 21, 1946, p9
  45. ^ Harriet Hyman Alonso, Robert E. Sherwood: The Playwright in Peace and War (University of Massachusetts Press, 2007) p287
  46. ^ "Dimitrov Asked Form New Bulgaria Cabinet", Montreal Gazette November 22, 1946, p9
  47. ^ "Ex-Russian Heads Cabinet", Windsor (ON) Daily Star, November 22, 1946, p17
  48. ^ Ross Marlay and Clark D. Neher, Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999) p104
  49. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, Vietnam (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) pp46-47
  50. ^ Uruguayans Chorus 'No' To Free Milk, Free Wine", Miami Daily News, November 26, 1946, p1; "Uruguayans Elect Pro-U.S. President", New York Times, November 26, 1946, p17
  51. ^ "President Orders Purge of Disloyal from U.S. Posts", New York Times, November 26, 1946, p1; "Communists To Be Ousted", Boise City (ID) News, November 28, 1946, p1
  52. ^ Walter John Raymond, Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms (Brunswick Publishing, 1992) p289
  53. ^ "Find Bones of Cortes, Spanish Conqueror of Mexico, Experts Say", Milwaukee Journal, November 26, 1946, p2
  54. ^ Alexander N. Yakovlev, et al., A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia (Yale University Press, 2004) p202
  55. ^ Thomas M. Leonard, Fidel Castro: A Biography (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) p10
  56. ^ Martin Gilbert, The Day the War Ended: May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe (Macmillan, 2004) p409
  57. ^ "U.K.'s Thankless Task In Indonesia To End Thursday As Troops Last of British Troops Embark", Montreal Gazette, November 26, 1946, p9; "British Leave Indonesia Post", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, November 29, 1946, p3
  58. ^ Hindley, Donald. The Communist Party of Indonesia, 1951-1963. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. xvi
  59. ^ Wolf, Charles. The Indonesian Story, the Birth, Growth and Structure of the Indonesian Republic. New York: J. Day, 1948. p. 68
  60. ^ Mart Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956 (Howells House, 1992)
  61. ^ "Navy Falls 3 Yards Short of Victory, 21 to 18", Milwaukee Journal, December 1, 1946, pIII-1
  62. ^ "Notre Dame Rated National Champion— Writers' Poll Gives Irish 100 Firsts To Army's 48", Miami Daily News, December 4, 1946, p2-B