Walter Lohmann

	An early career image of Walter Lohmann
Born	30 December 1878; Bremen
Died	29 April 1930 (aged 51); Rome
Cause of death	Myocardial infarction
Allegiance	Germany
Service/branch	Reichsmarine
Years of service	1897-1927
Rank	Captain
Unit	Naval Transport Division
Known for	Lohmann Affair

Walter Lohmann (born 30 December 1878 in Bremen; died 29 April 1930 in Rome) was a German Reichsmarine officer with the rank of captain.^[1] From 1920 to 1927 as commander of the Naval Transportion Division, Lohmann ran a secret rearmament and research program on behalf of the Ministry of the Reichswehr in an attempt to circumvent the Versailles restrictions. Lohmann's access to naval offices in Königsberg, Lübeck, Stettin, Hamburg, and Bremen gave him access to very specialized information and financial resources. He used this knowledge in his work in a way that was far beyond his authority and technical competence. Favoured by the interests of the Chief of Naval Headquarters, Admiral Paul Behncke, it led to uncontrolled scope for legal violations, criminal activity and high-handed action by individuals within the ministry. When his work was discovered in 1927, the scandal became known as the Lohmann affair in Germany and led to the resignation of Reichswehr Minister Otto Gessler in January 1928^[2] and director of naval command Admiral Hans Zenker.^[3] Lohmann himself was retired and his pension was cut, but he was never prosecuted, because to uncover the affair's true background would have been too great a risk. Completely impoverished, Lohmann died three years later of a heart attack.^[4] His clandestine rearmament programme was continued and expanded.

Life

Lohmann was the youngest son of Johann Georg Lohmann (1830–1892), who was a director of the German shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd^[5] and Clarissa Lohmann, née Frost (1838–1920), an English woman.^[6] His older brother was Alfred Lohmann (born 1870), who was president of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce.^[5]

Career

After attending school, Lohmann joined the Imperial Navy as a naval cadet on 7 April 1897. After his officer training, he was deployed to the Far East: first in 1903 to the gunboat SMS Tiger, and then from 1910 as company commander in the German colony of Tsingtau. With the outbreak of World War I, he was appointed to the rank of Korvettenkapitän I artillery officer aboard the dreadnought Prinzregent Luitpold where he worked as a non-combat logistics specialist.^[7] In March 1918, he was transferred to the Imperial Naval Office (Reichsmarineamt), where he worked in the Navy Transport Division (See-transportabteilung in der Marineleitung) from December 1918.^[6]

As a representative of the Sea Transport Department in the General Naval Office, Lohmann took part in the maritime armistice negotiations in 1919 in England.^[8] While there he worked with the Permanent Naval Allied Armistice Commission (PANAC) organisation to enable German shipping to commence overseas lines, which were critical to the recovery of the German economy.^[9] Lohmann secured over 1000 travel authorisations to enable German ships to pass through the blockade of Germany.^[9] He was still in England when the Kapp Putsch occurred on 13 March 1920, so his career was not compromised. When he returned, he was appointed commander (Chef der Seetransportabteilung der Reichsmarine) of the Naval Transport Division (BS) on 28 October 1920.^[7]

He was also on very good terms with Chief of Naval Headquarters, Admiral Paul Behncke and this further consolidated his position, receiving significant promotion of himself and the field of work.^[8] At the time, Behncke required an overview of the merchant marine as he believed it still had a role even under the Treaty of Versailles.^[10] Behncke subordinated Lohmann to the Ministry for Reconstruction on 21 December 1920 with a request that he attend all meetings where commercial shipping was discussed.^[8] In May 1921, Lohmann managed to secure some shipping that had been seized by the British and used for prisoner of war transports that were returned to their former owners, which raised his reputation amongst his colleagues considerably and set a precedent for future purchases.^[11] In October 1921, he visited Leningrad to reach an agreement for the release of German shipping that were still considered seaworthy ^[12]^[7] with Leon Trotsky and foreign minister Georgy Chicherin.^[13] He also used the visit to determine if Germany and the Soviet Union could collaborate on the development of submarines during discussions with Yevgeny Berens.^[14] A further visit followed in May 1922, with a delegation to complete negotiations with the Russian Admiralty.^[7] While there, he met the German ambassador Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau^[13] and informed him that due to the influence of Hans von Seeckt, negotiations with Trotsky and all official bodies had turned sour.^[14] During his visits, he became acquainted with Else Ektimov, a Russian women of German descent and arranged for her to return to Germany.^[12]

Lohmanns rearmament concept

At the time there were two prevailing views in German Naval Command. The official strategy developed and advanced by the Chief of the Fleet Department Wilfried von Loewenfeld [de] and supported by Admiral Hans Zenker was to build Deutschland-class cruisers, unofficially known as "pocket battleships" by the British and officially called armoured ships in Naval Command, that were officially in accordance with restrictions imposed by the Versailles treaty.^[15] These diesel driven ships were lightly armoured but heavily armed with six 11-inch guns and were to be fast with a range that exceeded any other cruiser or capital ship of the period.^[15] In this way, Loewenfeld and Zenker hoped to tie up the French Navy in support of their merchant fleet in the Atlantic, while keeping the sea lanes clear in the north of Scotland to ensure it wouldn't be subject to any further naval blockades.^[15] It also had the added benefit of what was known as "Bündnisfähigkeit" (alliance capability), i.e. should there be an alliance, the vessels would make a strong contribution to that alliance.^[15] By technically staying inside the terms of the treaty, they hoped to persuade the signatories of the treaty, Great Britain, USA, France, Italy and Japan to accept Germany into the group of countries with a navy and thus abolish the restrictions.^[13] Lohmann along with Rear Admiral Arno Spindler [de], Director of submarines advocated for a rapprochement with the Soviet Union as they believed it could provide prohibited war materials and at the same time, improve economic ties with Germany.^[13] However Lohmann's views were rejected by Naval Command.^[13] Although his views were not welcome, he had a remarkably free hand as the officer responsible for relations with Moscow.

The Occupation of the Ruhr beginning in 11 January 1923, failed to dent Lohmann's career.^[11] The Reichsbank provided 100 million gold deutsche marks to the Reichswehr for the possible escalation of hostilities, which never occurred. At the end of the occupation, the monies were never returned, instead what remained was shared amongst the services. By that point Behncke trusted Lohmann completely and in early 1923, assigned the Reichsmarine's share of what constituted black funds, amounting to 10 million Reichsmarks for Lohmann to administer.^[11] Other monies were collected by the Reichsmarine during that period by the sale of warships and submarines that were scrapped.^[7] This raised the black funds to 25million marks.^[12]

Funding

When he received the funds, Lohmann began to gradually develop a plan under the title "Principle of Reconstruction", to both finance and secure prohibited war materials, believing he could count on receiving further funding totaling 40-50million marks in the future.^[16] A 1926 ministry memorandum "Denkschrift über die Notwendigkeit der Beschaffung eines langfristigen Kredites zur Sicherstellung gewisser militärisch notwendiger Marinebelainge, denen aus verschiedenen Gründen beim Ordentlichen Marinehaushalt nicht Rechnung getragen Werden kann" (Memorandum on the necessity of obtaining a long-term loan to secure certain militarily necessary naval assets which, for various reasons, cannot be taken into account in the regular naval budget) illustrated Lohmanns financial concept.^[16]

Lohmann planned to finance the plan by seeking private business loans which he would use to create businesses whose income would fund the expansion.^[16] The businesses would be structured in such in a manner to build trust abroad, populate the supply chain correctly and at the same time, provide intelligence of the capabilities of foreign industry. The 1926 memorandum described how the plan was split into two categories; surface vessels that were required and subsurface vessels i.e U-boats required.^[16] For each individual type of craft, code words and sentences were used in identifying the vessel types, to hide their existence, e.g. U-boats were classed as "auxiliary vehicles under the water".^[17] To move quickly to production of naval vessels, i.e. the event of war, prototyping would be used and the companies that supplied the construction materials would be financially secured.^[17] The ministry calculated that a budget of 50million Reichmarks would be needed over a 10year period, for the supply of 16 large vessels, 10 medium vessels and 100 smaller vessels.^[17]

To maintain the strictest secrecy in financing, when a particular project was started, only the defence minister and the finance minister were informed verbally of the details and nature of the loan. No paper trail was created. Then the department head would be informed and they would be responsible for signing the loan agreement and ensuring any legal details were correctly dealt with.^[17] Once the loan was secured, the repayment details were hidden in the naval budget, under a category of spend that couldn't easily be monitored or audited.^[18]

Lohmanns projects

U-boats

Aircraft

Although the Treaty of Versailles prohibited the formation of the German airforce, Lohmann still took steps to maintain naval air power.^[19] In 1925, he purchased 76% of the shares^[20] in the aircraft manufacturer Caspar-Werke, located in Travemünde.^[19] The purchase of the shares was managed by Berliner Bankverein AG and the deal arranged in a manner to ensure the Reichswehr did not appear as the main shareholder.^[20]

The company had some initial success with the Caspar C 24 that won in the Deutschlandflug [de], although the company never became profitable even with the injection of new funding by Lohmann^[19] The department that built the C24 was expanded and became a new stangalone legal entity that was attached the ministrys naval aviation department,^[19] Gruppe BSx (Allgemeines Marineamt Seetransportabteiling) and funded by Lohmann.^[21] In 1925, Lohmann secured a 3.5million Reichmarks loan from Deutsche Bank, to build an seaplane manufacturing facility in Altenrhein, Switzerland, to develop the Dornier Do X, in a joint project between Dornier Flugzeugwerke and Luftschiffbau Zeppelin.^[22] Profits from the project were accrued by Lohmann. The Ministry of Economics (Reichswirtschaftsministerium), the Reich Ministry of Labour and the Reich Ministry of Transport were involved in establishing the project.^[22]

By 1927, Lohmann had invested 1.5million Reichmarks, but the company was losing money.^[23] He decided to divest the shares and began negotiations with Hamburg America Line (Hapag) but was unable to secure a sale.^[23] The company continued operating after Lohmann left the ministry in 1927^[24] as a test centre for seaplanes, aircraft catapults and naval radio equipment.^[22] While he was negotiating the sale, he worked on the development catapult launchers on passenger ships.^[22]

Speedboats

Lohmann was directly involved as both financier and mastermind in the secret development of speedboat armaments in violation of the Versailles Treaty.^[23] Lohmann became involved in 1923, when he tried to sell the Reichsmarine speedboat flottilla to the Soviet Union as they were in violation of the treaty, but they were uninterested.^[22] In 1924, Lohmann founded Travemünder Yachthafen AG (Trayag) in the northern German port of Travemünde on the Priwall Peninsula, to provide mooring berths and manufacturing facilities for the development of a new speedboat design. At Trayag, 13 speedboats that were equipped with torpedo tubes were designed with unofficial funds procured by Lohmann.^[22] The initial cost for establishing the project was 450,000Reichmarks and yearly cost for development approximately 150,000 to 200,000Reichmarks.^[25] To ensure the speedboats did not appear as official Reichsmarine shipping, they were registered as owned by the Lohmann founded, Navis GmBH, a covert shipping and administrative company.^[22]^[9] The extensive testing program on each design that was run by Trayag on behalf of the Reichsmarine was intended to provide the basis for future Schnellboot construction. In 1925, Lohmann purchased a shipyard in Wagria and formed "Neustädter Slip GmbH" as an additional repair base and training facility for technical personnel.^[22] This was followed up in February 1925 by Lohmann forming the German High Seas Sports Association [de] (HANSA).^[26] As part of that organisation, the Hanseatic Yacht School [de] was established to train personnel in seamanship^[27] and radio communications.^[28] In 1926, Lohmann paid the Motor Yacht Club of Germany (Motoryachtclub von Deutschland e.V.) 60,000Reichsmarks to recommend the speedboats being developed by Trayag to club members.^[29] Lohmann also paid for the design of a 1000hp engine by MAN SE.^[22]

War materials

Lohmann had contact with the Swedish munitions, i.e. gunpowder manufacturer, Skänska Bomullskrutfabriks A.B (SK), in Landskrona, ostensibly to secure the supply of various mines and hand grenades.^[30] At the end of 1922, Lohmann through Otto Sprenger began negotiations with Carl Tranchell, the director of SK to collaborate on certain naval projects.^[30] Lohmann wished to establish an out-of-country testing operation where he could conduct experiments of a type that couldn't be done in Germany.^[30] The agreement detailed that Tranchell would make his facilities and personnel available to Lohmann, who would provide specialist personnel via Sprenger along with the design itself that would be provided free and both Lohmann and Tranchell would provide the sum necessary to fund the experiments together.^[30] In early 1923, agreement was reached and it was decided together to create Carola AG, to supply munitions developed from the collaboration and from Skänska Bomullskrutfabriks A.B itself.^[30] Lohmann together with Sprenger conducted sales negotiations with Japanese companies.^[30] They also sales in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.^[30]

Oil tankers

At the end of 1925, a report was published by the German admiralty that identified a need for three oil tankers that could maintain a minimum speed of 16knots.^[31] Correspondence between John T. Essberger [de], the officer in charge of naval tankers, a department civil servant and a engineer examined the idea of building the oil tankers in a way that they could be used as aircraft carriers known as "aircraft mother ships" as well as "fast boat mother ships".^[31] Lohmann provided 6.5 million Reichsmarks to the Schichau-Werke in Elbing, 3 million of which were assigned to build the each tanker.^[31] A smaller tanker was constructed using funds from the Reich Ministry of Economy.^[32] To build the other two tankers, a financial agreement for a loan of 12million Reichmarks was reached between Lohmann and the Bremen based Schröder Bank [de] that was facilitated by the Bremen finance minister.^[32] As part of the agreement, the Bremen based AG Weser shipyard was to receive the contract to build them.^[32]

Death

During a business trip to Italy, Lohmann died of a heart attack in Rome on 29 April 1930, at the age of 52.^[33]

Citations

References

^ "Otto Geßler 1875-1955" (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
^ Bird 1977, p. 180.
^ Remmele 1997, p. 314.
^ CIA 1993, p. A37.
^ ^a ^b Remmele 1997, p. 315.
^ ^a ^b Stoelzel 1930, p. 166.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Belote 1993, p. A32.
^ ^a ^b ^c Remmele 1997, p. 316.
^ ^a ^b ^c Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals 1949, p. 450.
^ Hillman 2013, p. 138.
^ ^a ^b ^c Remmele 1997, p. 317.
^ ^a ^b ^c Johnson 2021, p. 102.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Remmele 1997, p. 323.
^ ^a ^b Remmele 1997, p. 330.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ruge 1955, p. 642.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Remmele 1997, p. 324.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Remmele 1997, p. 325.
^ Remmele 1997, p. 326.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Remmele 1997, p. 340.
^ ^a ^b Frost 2019.
^ Thompson 2018, p. 27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Remmele 1997, p. 342.
^ ^a ^b ^c Remmele 1997, p. 341.
^ Frost 2019, p. 87.
^ Carsten 1973, p. 242.
^ Remmele 1997, p. 348.
^ Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals 1949, p. 451.
^ Paterson 2015, pp. 4–5.
^ Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals 1949, p. 452.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Remmele 1997, p. 343.
^ ^a ^b ^c Remmele 1997, p. 344.
^ ^a ^b ^c Remmele 1997, p. 345.
^ "Kapitän Lohmann gestorben : Der Stinnes des Reichswehrministeriums" [Captain Lohmann died: "The Stinnes of the Reichswehr Ministry"] (in German). Berlin: Social Democratic Party of Germany. Vorwärts. 2 May 1930. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

Bibliography

Bird, Keith W. (1977). Weimar, the German Naval Officer Corps and the Rise of National Socialism. Amsterdam: Grüner. ISBN 978-90-6032-094-5.
Belote, James H. (22 December 1993). "The Lohmann Affair" (PDF). Centre for the study of intelligence. CIA. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
Carsten, F. L. (1 January 1973). Reichswehr Politics. Berkley: University of California Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-520-02492-2.
Frost, Günter Frost (March 2019). "Die Flugzeuge der Caspar-Werke in Travemünde" (PDF). ADL-Luft Fahrt Historik (in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dt. Luftfahrthistorik. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
Hillman, Jörg (24 May 2013). "Slipping into the war: German Naval Strategy between 1920 and 1940". In Clemmesen, Micheal H.; Faulkner, Marcus S. (eds.). Northern European Overture to War, 1939-1941: From Memel to Barbarossa. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-24909-7.
Johnson, Ian Ona (2021). "Chapter 16 The Lohmann Scandal". Faustian Bargain: The Soviet-German Partnership and the Origins of the Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-19-067514-1.
Paterson, Lawrence (2015). Schnellboote: A Complete Operational History. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848320833.
"The Lohmann Affair". Studies in Intelligence. 4 (2). CIA: A31–A38. 22 September 1993. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008.
Remmele, Bernd (1 December 1997). "Die maritime Geheimrüstung unter Kapitän z.S. Lohmann". Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift. 56 (2): 313–376. doi:10.1524/mgzs.1997.56.2.313.
Ruge, Vice Admiral Friedrich (February 1955). "German Naval Strategy Across Two Wars". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 81 (2).
Schneller, Ernest (1928). Phoebus-Skandal : Korruption und Geheimrüstungen (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Internationaler Arbeiter-Verlag. OCLC 831153357.
Stoelzel, Albert (1930). Marine Offizier Verband (ed.). Ehrenrangliste der Kaiserlich Deutschen Marine, 1914-1918 (in German). Berlin: Thormann & Goetsch.
Thompson, Adam (2 June 2018). Kustenflieger: The Operational History of the German Naval Air Service 1935-1944. Fonthill Media. p. 27. ISBN 9781781552834.
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuremberg, October 1946-April, 1949: Case 12: U.S. v. von Leeb (High Command case). Vol. X. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. April 1949.

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