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Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi

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Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Ray (en) Fassara, 866
ƙasa Daular Abbasiyyah
Mutuwa Ray (en) Fassara, 15 Oktoba 925
Karatu
Harsuna Farisawa
Larabci
Malamai Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a masanin lissafi, chemist (en) Fassara, mai falsafa, inventor (en) Fassara da likita
Muhimman ayyuka Ṭibb al-rūḥānī (en) Fassara
Kitab al-Hawi (en) Fassara
Doubts About Galen (en) Fassara
Q108041965 Fassara
Imani
Addini Musulmi
Malamin Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi

Abū Bakr Muhammad dan Zakariyyā al-Rāzī wanda kuma ake kira da sunan Rhazes Latinze ko Rasis; 854-925 A.Z., ya kasance wani mashahurin hanyar Farisa, likita, masanin ilimin kimiyya, masanin falsafa, kuma adadi mai mahimmanci a tarihin magani. Ya kuma yi rubutu akan dabaru, ilimin taurari da ilimin nahawu.

Mai zurfin tunani, Razi ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci kuma mai ɗorewa ga fannoni daban-daban, wanda ya yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin rubuce-rubucen sa sama da 200, kuma ana tuna shi musamman ga ci gaban magani ta hanyar bincike da bincikensa. Mai ba da tallafin farko na likitan gwaji, ya zama likita mai nasara, kuma ya kasance babban likitan asibitocin Baghdad da Ray. A matsayin sa na malamin likitanci, ya ja hankalin ɗalibai daga kowane fanni da sha'awa kuma an ce ya zama mai tausayi da sadaukar da kuma kai ga hidiman marassa lafiya, ko masu arziƙi ko matalauta. Hakanan kuma an san Razi saboda ra’ayin sa na kyamar Musulunci; ya yi imani da cewa Muhammadu yaudara ne kuma Alqurani bashi da wani bayani mai amfani ko bayanai.

Dangane da kundin tarihi Britannica (1911), ya kasanche daga farkon wadanda suka fara amfani da ka'idodin humasin don rarrabe cuta mai yaduwa daga wani, kuma ya rubuta littafi na majagaba game da furu-furu da kwankwaran da ke ba da kwatancen cututtukan. Ya kuma gano mahadan abubuwa da dama masu guba da suka hada da giya da sinadarin sulfuric acid.

Tarihin Rayuwa

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Colophon na Littafin Razi na Razi

An haife Razi ne a cikin garin Ray (na zamani Rey) wanda ke kan titin Great Silk wanda a karni da dama ke saukake ciniki da al'adu tsakanin Gabas da Yamma. Nisba she, Razi, yana nufin "daga garin Ray" a cikin Farisa. Tana cikin gangaren kudu na tsaunin kudu na tsaunin Alborz da ke kusa da Tehran, Iran.

A lokacin kuruciyarsa, Razi ya tafi Bagadaza inda ya yi karatu kuma ya yi karatu a asibitin garin. Daga baya Mansur dan Ishaq, wanda ya kasance gwamnan Rey ya gayyace shi zuwa Rey, kuma ya zama shugaban bimaristan. ya sadaukar da littattafai guda biyu akan magani ga Mansur dan Ishaq, Jiki na Jiki da Al-Mansuri akan Magunguna. Saboda sabon shahararren masanin ilimin sa, an gayyaci Razi zuwa Baghdad inda ya dauki nauyin darekto a wani sabon asibiti mai suna bayan wanda ya kafa al-Mu'tadid (902 K.Z.). A karkasin mulkin dan Al-Mutadid, Al-Muktafi (r. 902-908) An ba wa Razi umarnin gina sabon asibiti, wanda ya kamata ya fi girma a cikin Khalid din Abbasid. Don zabar matsayin asibitin da ke gaba, Razi ya dauki abin da ake jira da yanzu a matsayin hanyar tushen shaidu da ke ba da shawara cewa an sami rataye nama a wurare daban-daban a cikin birni kuma a gina asibitin da naman ya fi dadewa yana jujjuya su.

Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi

Ya kwashe shekaru na karshe na rayuwarsa a kasarsu ta haihuwa Rey fama da rashin lafiya na glaucoma. Ciwonsa na ido ya fara da kamari, ya kare da makanta gaba daya. Ba a tabbatar da dalilin makantarsa ba. Wani asusu da dan Juljul ya ambata ya danganta musabbabin bugun kan kansa ta hannun malamin shi, Mansur dan Ishaq, saboda gaza samar da hujja game da ire-iren tunanin sa; yayin da Abulfaraj da Casiri suka ce dalilin shine abincin wake kawai. Ba da dadewa ba, likita ya kusato shi da maganin shafawa domin warkar da makanta. Al-Razi ya tambaye shi sau nawa ido ya kunsa kuma lokacin da ya kasa samun amsar, sai yaki maganin yana mai cewa "wanda bai san asalin tushen ilmin jikinta ba".

Laccocin Razi sun jawo hankalin dalibai da yawa. Kamar yadda dan al-Nadim yake ba da labari a Fihrist, ana daukar Razi a matsayin shaikh, taken girmamawa da aka bai wa wanda ya cancanci koyarwa da kewaye da dalibai da dama.Lokacin da wani ya yi tambaya, an yi wa daliban "da'irar farko"; idan ba su san amsar ba. an ba da shi ga wadanda ke 'da'ira ta biyu', da sauransu. Lokacin da duk dalibai zasu kasa amsawa, Razi kansa zaiyi la'akari da tambayar. Razi mutum ne mai karimci ta dabi'a, tare da nuna kulawa sosai ga marassa lafiya. Ya kasance yana tausayawa matalauta, ya bi da su ba tare da biyan kudi ba, ya kuma rubuta musu wani Lauyan Man La Yahduruhu al-Tabib, ko kuma Wanda ba shi da Likita da zai Halarci Shi, tare da shawarar likita. Wani tsohon dalibi daga Tabaristan ya zo ya kula da shi, amma kamar yadda al-Biruni ya rubuta, Razi ya ba shi lada saboda niyyarsa kuma ya tura shi gida, yana mai shelanta cewa kwanakinsa na karshe suna gabatowa. A cewar Biruni, Razi ya mutu a Rey a cikin shekara ta 925 shekara sittin. Biruni, wanda ya dauki Razi a matsayin mai ba shi shawara, a cikin na fari ya rubuta dan gajeren tarihin Razi har da littafin tarihin ayyukansa da yawa.

Ibn al-Nadim ya buga wani asusun Razi na wani dalibi dan kasar China wanda ya kwafar duk ayyukan Galen a cikin Sinanci yayin da Razi ya karanta shi a bayyane bayan dalibin ya iya larabci sosai cikin watanni 5 kuma ya halarci jawabai na Razi..

Bayan rasuwarsa, shahararsa ta bazu zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Tsakiyar Turai, ya rayu. A cikin jerin bayanan dakin littattafai da ke Peterborough Abbey, watakila daga karni na 14, Razi an jera shi a matsayin bangare na marubutan littattafai goma game da magani.

Gudummawa ga Magani

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Psychology da psychotherapy

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Al-Razi daya ne daga cikin kwararrun likitocin duniya na farko. An dauke shi mahaifin psychology da psychotherapy.

kanya vs. kyanda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Razi ya rubuta:

Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi

Kanya ta bayyana lokacin da jini yake "tafasa" kuma tana kamuwa, wanda hakan ke haifar da fitar da daskarewa. Don haka jini na yara (wanda yayi kama da daskararren ruwa wanda yake bayyana akan fatar) ana canza shi zuwa jini mai kyau, yana da launin ruwan inabin. A wannan matakin, furucin ya nuna da gaske a matsayin "kumfa da aka samo a cikin giya" (kamar yadda blisters)... wannan cutar kuma zata iya faruwa a wasu lokuta (ma'ana: ba wai kawai lokacin kuruciya ba). Mafi kyawun abin da za a yi yayin wannan matakin farko shi ne nisantar da kai, in ba haka ba wannan cutar na iya juya zuwa annoba.

An gano wannan cutar ta hanyar Encyclopædia Britannica (1911),wanda ya bayyana: "Bayanan da za a iya dogara da su game da wanzuwar cutar ana samun su a cikin asusun likita na Farisa na karni na 9 Rhazes, wanda aka bayyanar da alamunsa a sarari, yanayin iliminsa ya bayyana ta hanyar yanayin motsa jiki ko maganadisu, da kuma hanyoyin da aka ba da magani." Littafin Razi al-Judari wa al-Hasbah (a kan kanya da kyanda) shi ne littafi na farko da ya bayyana furuci da cutar kyanda daban.An fassara shi fiye da dozin sau zuwa talatin da Sauran harsunan Turai. Rashin karnataccen dabi'ar ta da kuma irin dogarowar Hippocratic din sa na asibiti yana nuna hanyoyin likita na Razi. Misali, ya rubuta:

Abubuwan da ake ci gaba da haifar da kalilan yana faruwa ne daga ci gaba da zazzabi, jin zafi a baya, itching a hanci da daddare yayin bacci. Wadannan sune alamomin mafi muni na kusancinsa tare da zafi a baya tare da zazzabi da amai da mai hakuri ke ji a duk jikinsa.Juyar da fuska tayi, wanda yazo kuma ya tafi, mutum zai lura da yanayin launi mai kumburi wanda aka lura dashi azaman mai karfi akan fuka-fukai da kan idanunshi. Daya kwarewa yana fuskantar nauyi na jiki gaba daya da rashin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ke bayyana kansa azaman mai shimfida da jikewa Akwai jin zafi a cikin makogwaro da kirji kuma mutum ya ga yana da wahalar numfashi da tari. Karin bayyanar cututtuka sune: bushewar numfashi, matsanancin feshin jiki, koshin muryar, zafi da kuncin kai, hutu, tashin zuciya da damuwa. (Lura da bambanci: rashin bacci, tashin zuciya da damuwa suna faruwa akai-akai tare da "kyanda" fiye da na furucin. A gefe guda, jin zafi a baya ya bayyana sarai tare da fitsari fiye da kyanda). Gaba daya abubuwan yana da zafi a jiki baki daya, mutum yana da ciwon kai kuma daya yana nuna ja gaba daya mai haske, tare da yin haske sosai game da gogewar.. (Rhazes, Encyclopaedia na Magani)

Razi idan aka kwatanta da sakamakon marasa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar ta ciwon cikin wanda aka bi da shi ta hanyar barin jini tare da sakamakon wadanda aka bi da shi ba tare da ganin ko kyale jini na iya taimakawa ba.

Razi ya ba da gudummawa ta fannoni da yawa ga farkon aikin harhada magunguna ta hanyar tattar rubutu, a ciki ya gabatar da amfani da"maganin shafawar mai" da habaka kayan aikin sa kamar su 'mortar', 'flasks', 'spatulas' da 'phials',wadaanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin kantin har zuwa farkon ashirin karni

Xa'a magani

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A kan matakin kwararru, Razi ya gabatar da dabaru masu yawa, na ci gaba, na likitanci da na tunani. Ya kai hari ga bautar gumakan da likiticin karya suka yi yawon birni da karkara suna sayar da nomrum da "cures". A lokaci guda, ya yi gargarin cewa har ma likitocin da ke da ilimi ba su da amsar duk matsalolin likita kuma ba za su iya warkar da kowace cuta ba ko kuma warkar da kowace cuta, wanda ke magana da mutum ba zai yiwu ba. Don zama mafi amfani ga ayyukansu da kuma gaskiyar lamari ga kiran su, Razi ya shawarci kwararrun likitocin da su ci gaba da ingantaccen ilimin ta hanyar ci gaba da karatun littattafan likitanci da fallasa kansu ga sabon bayani.Ya bambanta tsakanin cututtukan da ba za su iya warkewa ba. Dangane da mara lafiyar kuma, ya yi sharhi cewa dangane da batun cutar kansa da kuturta, bai kamata a tuhumi likitan ba lokacin da zai iya warkar da su. Don kara rubutu mai ban dariya, Razi ya ji tausayin likitocin da suka kula da lafiyar sarakuna, jarumawa, da mata, saboda ba su bin umarnin likita na hana cin abincinsu ko samun magani, don haka ya sa ya zama da wuya ya zama likitan su.

Ya kuma rubuta wadannan masu zuwa game da dabi'a na likita:

The doctor's aim is to do good, even to our enemies, so much more to our friends, and my profession forbids us to do harm to our kindred, as it is instituted for the benefit and welfare of the human race, and God imposed on physicians the oath not to compose mortiferous remedies.[1]

Manufar likita ita ce yin alheri, har magabatanmu, don haka ya fi yawa ga abokanmu, kuma sana'ata ta hana mu cutar da danginmu, kamar yadda aka kafa shi don fa'ida da jin dadin rayuwar dan Adam, kuma Allah Ya sanya shi Likitocin ba za su yi maganin cututtukan da suka mutu ba.

Litattafai da labarai kan magani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Al-Kitab al Hawi

Wannan litattafan 23-kundin tsarin karatun likitanci ya kunshi ka'idodin ilimin likitan mata, mahaifa da tiyata na ophthalmic.

Rayuwa mai kyau (al-Hawi الحاوي).

Wannan littafin tarihi na ilimin adaba a cikin tara-wanda aka sani a Turai wanda kuma aka fi sani da the Large Comprehensive ko Continens Liber (جامع الكبير) - yana tattare da tunani da zargi a kan masanan falsafar Girkawa Aristotle da Plato, kuma yana bayyan ra'ayoyi game da batutuwa da yawa. Saboda wannan littafin shi kadai, yawancin malamai suna daukar Razi babbar likitan likitancin zamanin.

Al-Hawi ba asalin ilimin likitanci ba ne, amma rubutun lissafi ne bayan aikin littafin Razi, wanda ya hada da ilimin da aka tattara daga wasu littattafai har da abubuwan lura na asali game da cututtuka da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, dangane da irin kwarewar da ya samu a asibiti.Yana da mahimmanci tunda yana dauke da tarihin kundin tarihi akan fulawa, farkon da aka sani. An fassara shi zuwa Latin a cikin 1279 by Faraj ben Salim, masanin ilmin Sicilian-Bayahude wanda Charles na Anjou yayi aiki, kuma bayan wannan yana da babban tasiri a Turai.

Al-Hawi ya kuma soki ra'ayin Galen, bayan Razi ya lura da shari'o'in asibiti da yawa wadanda ba su bi bayan bayanin Galen da zazzabi ba. Misali, ya bayyana cewa bayanin da Galen ya yi game da cututtukan da ke cikin mahaifa ba daidai ba ne saboda kawai ya ga lokuta uku, yayin da Razi ya yi nazarin daruruwan irin wannan karar a asibitocin Bagadaza da Rey.

Ga Wanda Ba Shi da Likita da zai halarci Shi (Man la Yahduruhu Al-Tabib) (من لا يحضره الطبيب)— Mashawarci likita a kan jama'a

Razi watakila likitan Farisa na farko ne da ya rubuta littafin likitanci na gida da gangan (magani) wanda aka yiwa jama'a. Ya sadaukar da ita ga talakawa, matafiyi,da talakawa wadanda za su iya ba da shawara don kula da cututtukan da ke tattare da cutar yayin da babu likita. Wannan littafin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tarihin kantin magani tunda irin littattafai sun shahara sosai har zuwa karni na 20. Razi ya bayyana a cikin surorinsa guda 36, kayan abinci da magunguna wanda za'a iya samu a cikin kokwalin, a kasuwa, a cikin wuraren girki, ko kuma a sansanin sojoji. Don haka, kowane mutum mai hankali zai iya bin umarninsa kuma shirya ingantattun girke-girke da kyakkyawan sakamako.

Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi

Wasu daga cikin cututtukan da aka kula da su sune ciwon kai, mura, tari, tari da cututtukan ido, kunne, da ciki. Misali, ya yi wasiyya da zazzabi: "2 sassan duhn (ruwan da akamcire mai) na fure, da za a cakuda shi da kashi 1 na ruwan giya, a ciki an tsinka wani yanki na lilin a gaurashi a goshi". Ya ba da shawarar a matsayin 'laxative', "7 drams na bushe 'violet' furanni tare da 20 pears, 'macerated' kuma gauraye sosai, sannan rauni. Toara zuwa wannan 'filtrate', grams 20 na sukari don abin sha. A cikin maganganun 'melancholy', ya ba da shwarar ga magunguna, wanda ya hada ko dai poppies ko ruwan 'ya'yan sa (opium), Cuscuta epithymum (clover doder) ko duka biyun. Don maganin-ido, ya shawarci myrrh, saffron, da frankincense, 2 grams kowannensu, da za a cakuda shi da 1 gram na farin arsenic wanda aka sanya cikin allunan. Kowane kwamfutar hannu za a narkar da a isasshen adadin coriander ruwa kuma amfani dashi azaman saukad da idanu.

Shakka game da Galen (Shukuk 'ala alinusor)

A cikin littafinsa Shakka game da Galen, Razi ya karyata yawancin ikirarin da likitan Girkawa ya yi, har zuwa batun fifikon harshen Helenanci da yawancin ra'ayoyinsa da likitancin likita. Yana danganta magani da falsafa, kuma ya fadi cewa kyakkyawan aiki yana bukatar tunani mai zaman kansa. Ya ba da rahoton cewa bayanin Galen bai yarda da abubuwan lura da nasa na asibiti ba dangane da cutar zazzabi. Kuma a wasu halayen ya gano cewa kwarewar sa ta asibiti ya wuce ta Galen.

Ya kuma soki ra'ayin Ka'idar Galen cewa jikin yana da "rakumi" daban-daban (abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa), wanda ma'aunin su shine mabudin lafiya da yanayin zazzabi ta jiki. Hanya tabbatacciyar hanyar tayar da irin wannan tsarin ita ce shigar da wani ruwa mai dauke da zazzabi daban-daban a jikin mutum wanda ke haifar da karuwa ko raguwa daga zafin jikin, wanda yayi kama da zafin jikina wannan ruwan. Razi ya lura cewa wani abin sha mai dumi zai zafi jikinsa har ya kai sama da yadda yanayinsa na zahiri. Don haka abin sha zai iya haifar da amsawa daga jiki, maimakon canja wurin zafin da kansa kawai ko kuma ruwan sanyi da shi. (Cf. I. E. Goodman)

Wannan hanyar zargi da gaske tana da yuwuwar ta karyata ka'idar Galen game da waka, da kuma akidar Aristotle game da abubuwan guda hudu, wanda aka ginu akan ta. Razi kansa abubuwan da aka kera sunadarai sun ba da shawarar wasu halaye na kwayoyin halitta kamar "oiliness" da "sulphurousness", ko kumburi da salinity, wadanda wutar gargajiya, ruwa, kasa, da kuma abubuwan rarraba iska ba su bayyana shi da sauri.

'Salubalen da Razi ya gabatar game da tushen asalin kimiyyar likita sun kasance masu rikitarwa. Dayawa sun tuhume shi da jahilci da girman kai, dukda cewa ya yi ta nuna godiyarsa da godiyarsa ga Galen saboda gudummawar da ya bayar, yana cewa:

Na yi addu'a ga Allah don ya jagorance ni, ya kuma kai ni ga gaskiya a rubuce-rubucen wannan littafin. Abin bakin cikina ne in sabawa da kushe mutumin da Galen wanda na sami ilimi mai yawa. Tabbas, shi ne Jagora kuma ni almajiri ne. Kodayake wannan girmamawa da godiya za su kuma bai kamata ya hana ni yin shakku ba, kamar yadda na yi, abin da ba daidai ba ne a cikin tunanun sa. Ina tsammani kuma ina ji a cikin zuciyata cewa Galen ya zabe ni in gudanar da wannan aikin, kuma idan yana raye, da ya taya ni taya murna kan abin da nake yi. Ina fadi wannan saboda manufar Galen ita ce nema da gano gaskiya da fito da haske daga duhu. Ina fata da a ce yana da rai ya karanta abin da na buga.

Starfin tsohuwar ilimin, da kin yarda da gaskiyar cewa sabbin bayanai da ra'ayoyi suna nuna cewa ilimin yau na karshe zai iya wuce na wadanda suka gabata.

Razi ya yi imanin cewa masana kimiyya da masana na zamani suna da koshin lafiya, da ilimi, da kuma kwarewa fiye da na tsofaffi, saboda yawan ilimin da suke da shi. Kokarin Razi na murkushe yarda da rashin izini daga ikon da ba a hada shi da shi ba na zamanin da ya karfafa kuma ya karfafa bincike da ci gaba a cikin fasaha, fasaha,


Cututtukan Yara

Cututtukan Yara na Razi shine farkon rubutun da aka yiwa maganin cututtukan yara a zaman wani yanki mai zaman kansa


Lafiyar Kwakwalwa

Kamar yadda sauran masu ilimin tauhidi da yawa a lokacin bincikensa na rashin lafiya, ya yi imani da cewa cututtukan tunanin mahaifa ne ya haifar da su. Sun yi imani aljanu sun shiga jiki su mallaki jiki.

Littattafai kan magani

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Wannan jerin bangare ne na littattafan Razi da labarai a magani, in ji Dan Abi Usaybi'ah. Watakila an kwafa ko kuma buga wasu littattafai a karkasin sunaye daban-daban.

  • al-Hawi (Larabci الحاوي), al-Hawi al-Kabir ( الحاوي البير). Har ila yau, da aka sani The Virtuous Life, Continens Liber. Babban encyclopaedia din likita wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan girke-girke da litattafan rubutu na Razi.
  • Isbateh Elmeh Pezeshki (Farisanciاثبات علم يزشكى), ("Tabbatar da Ilimin Likitanci").
  • Dar Amadi bar Elmeh Pezeshki (Farisanciدر آمدى بر علم يزشكى) ("Sakamakon kimiyya na magani").
  • Rade Manaategha 'tibb jahez
  • Rade Naghzotibbeh Nashi
  • Gwajin ilimin likita da aikace-aikacen sa.
  • Jagora
  • Kenash
  • Rarrabuwa da Cututtuka
  • Maganin Sarauta
  • Daya ba tare da likita ba (Arabicمن لايحضره الطبيب)
  • Littafin sauki magani
  • Babban littafin Krabadin
  • Karamin littafin Krabadin
  • Littafin Taj ko Littafin Kambi
  • Littafin Bala'i
  • Abinci da cutarwarsa
  • al-Judari wa al-Hasbah, Fassarar: Ka'idar kan kananan-pox da kyanda.
  • Ketab dar Padid Amadaneh Sangrizeh (Farisanciكتاب در بديد آمدن سنكريزه) ("Littafin samuwar kananan duwatsu (duwatsu a cikin koda da mafitsara)")
  • Ketabeh Dardeh Roodeha (Farisanci كتاب درد رودها) ("Littafin jin zafi a cikin hanji")
  • Ketab dar Dard Paay va Dardeh Peyvandhayyeh Andam (Farisanci كتاب در درد باى و درد بيوندهاى اندام) ("Littafin sha radadi a kafa/kafafu da jin zafi a cikin kafafun da aka hadu")
  • Ketab dar Falej
  • Littafin ciwon hakori
  • Dar Hey'ateh Kabed (Farisanci در هيات كبد) ("Game da Hanta")
  • Dar Hey'ateh Ghalb (Game da Zuciya) (Farisanci در هيات قلب) ("Game da Zuciya")
  • Game da yanayin likitoci
  • Game da maganin kunne
  • Dar Rag Zadan (Farisanci در رك زدن) ("Game da kula da tasoshin")
  • Seydeh neh/sidneh
  • Ketabeh Ibdal
  • Abinci ga marasa lafiya
  • Soodhayeh Serkangabin (Farisanci سودهاى سركنكبين) ko Amfanin zuma da ruwan cakuda.
  • Darmanhayeh Abneh
  • Littafin Kayan Kida
  • Littafin Mai
  • 'Ya'yan itatuwa kafin kuma bayan abincin rana
  • Littafi akan tattaunawar likita (tare da Jarir Tabib)
  • Littafi akan tattaunawar likita II (tare da Abu Feiz)
  • Game da lokacin haila
  • Ghi Kardan ko Amai (Farisanci في كردن)
  • Dusar kankara da Magani
  • Dusar kankara da Kishirwa
  • Kafa
  • Cututtuka
  • Game da guba
  • Yunwa
  • Kasa a cikin magani
  • Kishin kifi
  • Barci gumi
  • Zafi a sutura
  • Bazara da Cuta
  • Rashin fahimta game da damar likita
  • Tsarin zamantakewar likitoci


Litattafan sanannu na Razi da labarai kan magani (cikin Turanci) sun hada:

  • Mofid al Khavas, littafin Elite.
  • Littafin Gwaninta
  • Sanadin mutuwar Yawancin Dabbobi saboda iska mai guba
  • Gwajin Likitoci
  • Mutumin da bashi da damar samun Likitoci
  • Babban Magunguna
  • Kananan Magunguna
  • Gout
  • Al Shakook ala Jalinoos, Shakka a kan Galen
  • Kodan da na mafitsara
  • Ketab tibb ar-Ruhani, Namijin jiki na Rhazes.
A weHHoton yamma na Rhazes

Canza bakin karfe

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ra'ayin Razi ga alchemy da kuma babban imaninsa game da yiwuwar kawo karafa zuwa azurfa da zinari ya tabbatar da rabin karni bayan littafin Dan an-Nadim (Falsafar Falsafa-Lapis na Latin). Nadim ya danganta wasu jerin littattafai guda goma sha biyu ga Razi, da karin kari guda bakwai, gami da faduwarsa ga kin al=Kindi da ingancin alchemy. Al-Kindi (801–873 CE) da aka nada ta Abbasid Halifa Ma'mun wanda ya kirkiro Baghdad, 'Gidan Hikima' ya kasance a wannan garin, ya kasance masanin Falsafa kuma mai adawa da alchemy. Shahararrun littattafan ilimin alchemical guda biyu, wadanda suka fi dacewa da wadanda suka gabata: al-Asrar (الاسرار "Sirrin"), da Sirr al-Asrar (سر الاسرار "Sirrin Sirrin"), wanda ya kunshi yawancin ayyukan da suka gabata.

A bayyane yake Razi zamanin shi ya gaskata cewa ya sami asirin juya bakin karfe da jan karfe ne zuwa zinare. Marubucin tarihin Khosro Moeta ya ba da rahoto a cikin Mohammad Zakaria Razi cewa wani Janar Simjur ya gamu da Razi a bainar jama'a, ya kuma tambaya ko wannan shine dalilin yardarsa da jinyar marasa lafiya ba tare da biyan kudi ba. "Ya bayyana ga wadanda ke wurin cewa Razi ya ki amsawa; ya kalli gefe janar ya amsa":

Na fahimci alchemy kuma ina aiki akan halayen kayan karafa na tsawan lokaci. Ko ta yaya, har yanzu bai zama bayyananne a gare ni ba, ta yaya mutum zai canza zinare daga jan karfe. Duk da bincike daga tsoffin masana kimiyyar da aka yi a karnonin da suka gabata, babu amsa. IIna matukar shakku idan zai yiwu...

A cewar almara guda daya ya iya makantar da kansa ta hanyar yawo a yayin wani hatsari a daya daga cikin binciken da yayi. Ya yi nasarar tserewa ba tare da wani raunin da ya samu ba.

Kayan kemikal da abubuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Razi ya habaka kayan aikin sunadarai da yawa wadanda har yanzu ake amfani da su. An san shi da cikakkiyar hanyoyin distillation don samun barasa da kuma hakarwa. ar-Razi ya yi watsi da ra'ayan potions kuma an bayar da shi da tsafi, ma'ana dogaro ga alamu kamar dalilai. Kodayake Razi bai ki ra'ayin cewa mu'ujizai sun wanzu ba, a ma'anar abubuwan da ba a bayyana ba a yanayi, kayayyakin masarufin ma'adinai da kayayyakin masarufi na Farisa sun sami wadata, har da sal ammoniac, wani binciken kasar Sin. Ya dogara ne da fifikon tsarin siffofin 'mafi rinjaye' ko mahimman bayanai, wanda shine tunanin Neoplatonic na rashin daidaito maimakon hanyar tunani ko kuma na inji. Razi na makiyi ya kawo irin wadannan halaye masu kima kamar bakin ciki da rashin karfi-karshen ya danganta da 'man shafawa' da 'sulhu'. Wadannan kaddarorin ba su da saukin bayanin abubuwan da kebabbe na al'ada daga abubuwan kamar su: wuta, ruwa, kasa da iska, kamar yadda al-Ghazali da sauran mutanen da suke bayansa sun kasance masu saurin lura, masu tasiri masu zurfi irin su Razi suna da shi.

Manyan ayyuka akan alchemy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan Razi sun gabatar da tsarin farko na tsarin kulawa da ingantaccen tabbataccen abu game da abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai, halayen da kayan aiki, wadanda aka bayyana a cikin harshe kusan babu komai game da sihiri da shubuha.

  • Sirrin (Al-Asrar)
An rubuta wannan littafin ne don amsa tambaya daga babban aminin Razi, abokin aiki, da tsohuwar dalibi, Abu Mohammed b. Yunis na Bukhara, Masanin ilimin lissafi, masanin kimiya, da masanin kimiyar halitta.

A cikin littafinsa Sirr al-Asrar, Razi ya raba batun 'Matter' zuwa kashi uku, kamar yadda ya zo a littafin sa na baya al-Asrar.
  1. Ilimi da tantancewa na kayan aikin likita tsakanin abubuwan da aka samo daga tsirrai, dabbobi da ma'adanai, da kwatancin mafi kyawun nau'ikan don maganin likita..
  2. Sanin kayan aiki da kayan aikin ban sha'awa ga ko dai masu ilimin kimiya ko na fata.
  3. Ilimin hanyoyin guda bakwai da dabaru: sublimation da sandaro na Mercury, habakar sulfur, da arsenic calcination na ma'adanai (zinari, azir, jan karfe, gwal, da bakin karfe), gishiri, gilashi, talc, bawo, da kakin zuma.

Wanna rukunin karshe ya kunshi karin kwatancin sauran hanyoyin da aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su a cikin transmutation:

*Miixtureara da cakuda da amfanin abubuwan hawa.

*Yawan zafi (wuta) da aka yi amfani da shi, 'jikin da duwatsu', ('al-ajsad' da 'al-ahjar) wannan ba za a iya fassara shi ba ko kuma ba za a canza shi cikin kayan kwayoyi irin su karafa da bakin gishiri ba ('al-amlah').

*Amfani da wani ruwa mai ruwa wanda sauri da kuma dindindin launuka karafa karafa don siyarwa mai fa'ida da riba.

Yayi kama da tafsirin rubutu na karni na 8 akan amalgams da aka yiwa Al-Hayan (Jabir), Razi yana ba da hanyoyi da matakai na canza launi na azurfa don kwaikwayon gwal (kirar zinari) da dabarar dawo da launi ta mayar da azurfa. Hakanan ana bayanin ginin da azurfa na wasu karafa (alum, gishiri na karani, bakin karfe, jan karfe, da dai sauransu), da kuma yadda launuka zasu kasance na tsawon shekaru ba tare da barnuwa ko canzawa ba.


Razi an rarrabu ma'adanai zuwa kashi shida:

  1. Ruhohi hudu (AL-ARWAH) : mercury, sal, ammoniac, sulfur, da arsenic sulphide (orpiment da realgar).
  2. Jiki bakwai (AL-AJSAD) : azurfa, zinari, jan karfe, bakin karfe, gwal mai duhu (plumbago), zinc (Kharsind), da tin.
  3. Duwatsu goma sha uku (AL-AHJAR) : Pyidha marcasite (marqashita), magnesia, malachite, tuttur Zinc oxide (tutiya). talcum, lapis lazuli, gypsum, azurite, magnesia, haematite (iron oxide), arsenic oxide, mica da asbestos da gilashi (sannan an gano su kamar yashi ne da yashi alkali wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kristal Damascene).
  4. Vitriols Guda bakwai (AL-ZAJAT) : alum (al-shabb لشب), da fari (qalqadis القلقديس), baki, ja (suri السوري), da rawaya (qulqutar القلقطار) vitriols ( gurbataccen sulfates bakin karfe, jan karfe, da sauransu), kore (qalqand لقلقند).
  5. Bora bakwai: natron, da kuma sodium borate.
  6. Gyada goma sha daya (AL-AMLAH) : ciki har da brine, gishiri (gama) tebur, toka, naphtha, lemun, tsami, da fitsari, dutsen, da kuma ruwan teku. Sannan ya kebance da bayanin kowane dayab wadannan abubuwan, mafi kyawun siffofi da launuka na kowane, da kuma halayen mazinata iri-iri.

Razi yana ba da jerin kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin alchemy. Wannan ya kunshi azuzuwan 2:

  1. Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su don narkewa da narkewa da bakin karfe kamar su Bakin baki, yankuna, maharbi, makaryaci (harshe ko ladle), macerator, sanda mai motsa, mai yankan, gurnani (dan kwalliya), fayil, shears, descensory da Semi-silili karfe mold.
  2. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don aiwatar da aikin transmutation da wasu sassa na kayan aikin madaukakan jirgin: maimaitawa, kararawa, karamar karfe, tukunya da magina, babban murhu, murhu, gilashin kofuna, flasks, kyautatawa, masu shayarwa, gilashin funle, guguwa, arundel, filitar dumama, turmi, farin dutse, suturar gashi, yashi-da ruwa-wanka, sieve, turmi dutse mai kada da chafing-tasa.
  • Sirrin Sirrin (Sirr Al-asrar)

Wannan shine littafin shahararrun littafin Razi. A nan yana ba da kulawa ga tsarin aiki na yau da kullun masu mahimmanci ga tarihin kantin magani.

Littafin akan alchemy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ga jerin sannanun littattafan Razi akan alchemy, galibi cikin Farisanci:

  • Modkhele Taalimi
  • Elaleh Ma'aaden
  • Isbaate Sanaa'at
  • Ketabeh Sang
  • Ketabe Tadbir
  • Ketabe Aksir
  • Ketabe Sharafe Sanaa'at
  • Ketabe Tartib, Ketabe Rahat, Littafi Mai Sauki
  • Ketabe Tadabir
  • Ketabe Shavahed
  • Ketabe Azmayeshe Zar va Sim (Gwaji akan Zinari)
  • Ketabe Serre Hakimaan
  • Ketabe Serr (Littafin Asirin)
  • Ketabe Serre Serr (Sirrin Sirrin)
  • Littafi na farko akan gwaje-gwajen
  • Littafi na biyu akan gwaje-gwajen
  • Resaale'ei Be Faan
  • Arezooyeh Arezookhah
  • Wasika zuwa Vazir Ghasem ben Abedellah
  • Ketabe Tabvib

Metaphysics

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ka'idar ilimin metaphysical ta Razi ta samo asali ne daga ka'idar "madawwamiyar zamani", wanda a cikinsa ne aka samar da duniya ta hanyar ma'amala tsakanin Allah da sauran ka'idodi hudu na rai (rai, al'amari, lokaci, da wuri). Ya karbi nau'in atomism na jikin kwayoyin halitta, don haka ya bambanta da falasifa da mutakallimun. Yayinda Plato da marubutan likita suka rinjaye shi, galibi Galen, ya ki taqlid kuma don haka ya fadi zargi game da wasu ra'ayoyinsu. Wannan ya tabbata daga taken dayan ayyukansa, Shakka Game Galen.

An Buga Daga Hidimar Falsafa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

(...) A takaice, yayin da nake rubuta littafin yanzu, na yi rubutu har zuwa yanzu kusan Litattafai 200 da kasidu kan fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya, falsafa, tauhidi, da hekmat (hikima). (...) Ban taba shiga cikin aikin wani sarki ba a matsayin soja ko mai mukamin mulki, kuma idan na taba yin magana da sarki, hakan bai wuce nauyin da nake da shi na likita ba. (...) Wadanda suka ganni sun san cewa ban cika wuce gona da iri ba, cin abinci, ko shaye-shaye ko kuma yin hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Dangane da sha'awata a fagen ilimi, mutane sun sani sarai kuma dole ne su shaida yadda na sadaukar da rayuwata gabadaya a kimiya tun kuruciyata. Hakuri da himma a kokarin neman ilimin kimiyya sun kasance cewa a kan wani batun musamman na rubuta shafuka 20,000 (cikin karamin buga), bugu da kari, na yi shekaru goma sha biyar na rayuwata-dare da rana - rubuta babban tarin suna Al Hawi. A wannan lokacin ne na rasa idona, hannuna ya karye, sakamakon da yanzu aka hana ni karatu da rubutu. Ban da haka, ban tauna ba, amma na ci gaba da karatu da rubutu tare da taimakon wasu. Zan iya yin yarjejeniya tare da abokan adawar na kuma dhigar da wasu kura-kurai, amma ni ina matukar son abin da za su fada game da nasarar da na samu a kimiyace. Idan sun ga hanyata ba daidai ba ce, da za su iya gabatar da ra'ayinsu kuma su fadi abubuwan da suka fahimta a fili, domin in yi nazarin su, kuma idan na tsai da ra'ayinsu daidai ne, zan yarda. Koyaya, idan ban yarda ba, zan tattauna batun don tabbatur da ra'ayi na. Idan wannan ba haka bane, kuma kawai suna yarda da kusanci da hanyar rayuwata, zan yi godiya da kawai suna amfani da rubutaccen ilimin dana sani kuma su daina tsoma baki cikin halaye na.

A cikin Tarihin Falsafa, kamar yadda aka gani a sama, ya kare yanayin rayuwar mutum da falsafa. A cikin wannan aikin ya gabatar da tsari bisa tunanin cewa akwai rayuwa bayan mutuwa cike da farin ciki, ba wahala. Maimakon mutum ya zama mai son kai, ya kamata mutum ya bidi ilimi, ya yi amfani da hankali da kuma amfani da adalci a rayuwarsa.

A cewar Al-Razi: "Wannan shi ne abin da Mahaliccinmu mai jinkai yake so. Wanda muke yiwa addu'ar neman sakamako kuma wanda muke jin tsoronsa."

A takaice, ya kamata mutum ya kasance mai kirki, mai girma, mai adalci. Al-Razi ya yi imani da cewa akwai kusanci tsakanin dangantaka ta ruhaniya da lafiyar jiki. Bai nuna cewa rai na iya guje wa damuwa ba saboda tsoron mutuwa. A takaice dai ya fadi cew ba za a iya kawar da wannan yanayin tunanin gabadaya sai dai idan mutum ya yarda da hakan, bayan mutuwa, rai zai yi rayuwa mafi kyau. Wannan yana bukatar cikakken nazari game da koyaswar mara lafiya da/ko kuma addinai. Yana mai da hankali ga ra'ayin wasu mutane wadanda suke tunanin cewa rai yakan mutu idan jiki ya mutu. Mutuwa tabbatacciya ce, don haka yakamata mutum ya mallaki tunani da shi, saboda duk mutumin da ya ci gaba da yin tunani game da mutuwa zai kasance cikin bakin ciki kuma ya yi tunani kamar ya mutu lokacin da ya ci gaba da yin tunani a kan batun. Don haka, yakamata ya manta da hakan domin ya daina fusata kansa. Yayin tunanin makomar sa bayan mutuwa, mutumin kirki ne kuma mutumin kirki wanda yake aiki da koyarwar musulinci, ba shi da tsoro ko kadan saboda yana nuna cewa zai sami kwanciyar hankali da farin ciki na dindindin a maballin. Wanda ke shakkar Shariah, zai iya yin tunaninta, kuma idan ya himmatu wajen aikata wannan, to, ba zai karkata zuwa ga hanyar gaskiya ba. In bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba, Allah zai gafarta masa zunuban sa domin ba a bukace shi ya aikata abin da ba zai iya cimmawa ba.

Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi

— Dr. Muhammad Abdul-Hadi Abu Reidah

Littattafai akan Falsafa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wannan jerin littattafan Razi ne akan falsafa. Wasu littattafai na iya yin kwafin ko buga su a karkashin daban.

  • Karamin littafi akan akidar tauhidi
  • Amsa ga Abu'al'Qasem Braw
  • Littafi mafi girma akan akidar tauhidi
  • Falsafar zamani
  • Dar Roshan Sakhtane Eshtebaah
  • Dar Enteghaade Mo'tazlian
  • Delsoozi Bar Motekaleman
  • Meydaneh Kherad
  • Khasel
  • Resaaleyah Rahnamayeh Fehrest
  • Ghasideyeh Ilaahi
  • Dar Alet Afarineshe Darandegan
  • Shakkook
  • Naghseh Ketabe Tadbir
  • Naghsnamehyeh Ferforius
  • Do name be Hasanebne Moharebe Ghomi

Sanannun littattafai a Turanci:

  • Magani na ruhaniya
  • Tsarin ilimin falsafa (Al Syrat al Falsafiah)
  • Metaphysics

Al-Razi babban dan adawar al-'Adli ne kuma dan wasan Abbasid al-Mutawakkil ya halarci wasannin. Al-Nadim ya lissafa al-Razi a cikin gungun marubutan littattafai guda biyar a game da Shitranj (Dara) ko Al-nard, wadanda: Abu Bakr al Suli. Al-'Adli, Abu al-FAraj al-Lajlaj da Dan al-Uqlidasi. Sunan littafin al-Razi ya kasance:

  • Kitab lati fi al-Shitranj (كتاب لطيف في الشطرنج) 'Littafi mai dadi game da dara.'

Ra'ayoyi akan Addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Da dama ayyukan sabani da bayanai game da addini an danganta su ga Razi. Dangane da bayanin littafin al-Biruni na Razi. (Risala fi Fihrist Kutub al-Razi), Razi ya rubuta "littattafai masu sihiri" guda biyu". "Fi al-Nubuwwat (A kan annabce-annabce) da "Fi Hiyal al-Mutanabbin (A dabarun annabawan karya). A cewar Biruni, na farko "an yi da'awar ya sabawa addinai" kuma na biyun "an yi ikirarin cewa yana kai hari ga wajibcin annabawan." A cikin Risalarsa, Biruni ya kara yin kakkausar suka da nuna taka tsantsan game da ra'ayoyin addini na Razi, Iura da tasirin Manichaeism. Koyaya, Biruni kuma ya lissafa wasu ayyukan Razi akan addini, gami da Fi Wujub Da'wat al-Nabi 'Ala Man Nakara bi al-Nubuwwat (Wajibi Wajan yada koyarwar Annabi a kan Wadanda suka Musu Annabci) da Fi anna li al-Insan Khaliqan Mutqinan Hakiman (Wannan mutum yana da Mahalicci Mai hikima), da aka jera a karkashin ayyukansa a kan "allahntaka kimiyyar". Babu wani aikinsa da ya shafi addini yanzu ya cika.

Sauran ra'ayoyi da kwatankwacin ra'ayoyi wadanda galibi ake yiwa Razi ana samun su a cikin wani littafin da Abu Hatim al-Razi ya rubuta, da ake kira A'lam al-nubuwwa (Alamun Annabci), kuma ba cikin wani babban aikin Razi da kansa ba. Abu Hatim ya kasance dan mishan na Ismaila wanda ya yi mahawara da Razi, amma ko ya rubuta dadin ra'ayoyin Razi an yi jayayya. A cewar Abdul Latif al-'Abd, malamin falsafar Musulunci a Jami'ar Alkahira, Abu Hatim da dalibinsa, Hamid al-din Karmani (d. bayan shekara ta 411AH/1020CE), su 'yan tsageran Isma'ili ne wadanda a lokuta da yawa suke bayyana ra'ayoyin Razi a cikin ayyukansu. Hakanan ma masana tarihi sun tabbatar da wannan ra'ayi kamar al-Shahrastani wanda ya lura "cewa yakamata a yi shakkar irin wannan tuhumar tunda Ismaila ne, wanda Muhammad dan Zakariyya Razi ya yi mummunan rauni". Al-'Abd ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin da Razi ya bayyana sun saba wa abin da ake samu a ayyukan nasa na Razi, kamar Magani na Ruhi (Fi al-tiib al-ruhani). Peter Adamson ya tabbatar da cewa mai yiwuwa Abu Hatim ya "bata sunan" da gangan a matsayin Razi a matsayin kin musulinci ne da saukar da addinai. A maimakon haka, Razi yana jayayya ne kawai game da amfani da mu'ujizai don tabbatar da annabcin Muhammadu, anthropomorphism, da kuma rashin yarda da taqlid vs nazar. Adamson ya nuna wani aiki da Fakhr al-din al-Razi inda aka nakalto Razi yana ambaton Alkurani da annabawa don goyan bayan ra'ayinsa.

Wasu masana tarihi kamar Paul Kraus da Sara Stroumsa, sun yarda cewa abubuwanda aka samo a littafin Abu Hatim ko dai Razi ne suka fada yayin muhawara ko kuma an nakalto daga wani aikin da aka rasa. Suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan aikin da ya bace ko dai sanannen al-'Ilm al-llahi ne ko kuma gajeriyar aiki mai zaman kansa da ake kira Makhariq al-Anbiya' (Hanyoyin uduanyen Tsarukan Annabawa). Abu Hatim, bai bayyana sunan Razi dalla-dalla ba a cikin littafinsa, amma ya kira shi mai ba da izinin magana a matsayin mai ma'ana (lit. "bidi'a"). Dangane da muhawarar da Abu Hatim ya yi, Razi ya musanta ingancin annabci ko kuma wasu zantuttukan hukunci, suka ki mu'ujizan annabci. Ya kuma yi jigon abin zargi a kan addinan da aka saukar da ingancin Alqurani mai banmamaki. Saboda kasancewa da wata al'ada ta addini ko ta falsafa, ba ta rike shi ba, wasu sunyi sha'awar zama freethinker.

Abu Rayhan Biruni da Avicenna sun yi Allah wadai da ra'ayoyin addini da falsafar Al-Razi a farkon karni na 11. Musamman Biruni ya rubuta gajeren rubutun (risala) game da al-Razi, yana sukar sa saboda juyayin da yake yiwa Manichaeism, rubuce-rubucen al'adun gargajiya, ra'ayinsa na addini da falsafa, saboda kin yin ilimin lissafi, da kuma nuna adawarsa ga lissafi. Avicenna, wanda shi kansa likita ne kuma masanin falsafa, ya kuma soki al-Razi. Yayin wata muhawara da Biruni, Avicenna ya bayyana:

Ko daga Muhammadu dan Zakariyya al-Razi, wanda ya shiga tsakani a cikin metaphysics kuma ya zarce iyawar sa. Yakamata ya kasance yana kasancewa ne kawai a tiyata da fitsari da gwajin mataka-- hakika ya fallasa kansa kuma ya nuna jahilcinsa ga wadannan al'amuran.

Nasr-i-Khosraw ya zarge shi da laifin yi wa Iranshahri din, wanda Khosraw ya dauke shi a matsayin maigidan al-Razi.

The mutum-mutumi na Razi a cikin " Masana babban tanti " a ofishin MDD a Vienna

Cibiyar Razi ta zamani a Karaj da Jami'ar Razi da ke Kermanshah an sanya masa suna. Ana bikin "Ranar Razi" ("Ranar Shagon Magunguna") a Iran kowace ranar 27 na watan Agusta.

A watan Yuni na shekarar 2009, Iran ta ba da gudummawar "Babban Masallaci" ko chartagi ga Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Vienna, wanda yanzu aka sanya shi a zauren tunawa da Plaza na Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa ta Vienna. Harabar gidan yana dauke da mutum-mutumi na Razi, Avicenna, Abu Rayhan Biruni, da Omar Khayyam.

George Sarton ya tunatar da shi a matsayin "babban likitan addinin Islama da na Zamani".

Yayin da Bulletin na Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (Mayu 1970) ya lura cewa "rubuce-rubucensa a kan kitife da kyanda suna nuna asali da daidaito, kuma rubutun nasa game da cututtukan fata shine farkon rubutun kimiyya akan batun".

  1. Islamic Science, the Scholar and Ethics Archived 22 Satumba 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.